1	Emergency Training Simulation Design
2	Uses of Games and Simulators Teaching - principles, methods, skills, supplementary material Training – allow dress rehearsals with easy reset Operations – explore, test, and plan operational parameters
3	Uses of Games and Simulators - Continued Research – hypothesis testing Therapy – behavioral testing, evaluation, and drug treatment Entertainment – have fun and relax (sounds good! )
4	Basic Design Philosophies According to Gartner Group’s Clark Aldrich (2001): Use Authentic Scenarios Force quick decisions Provide lots of options Repetition and choices help it sink in Customize to the culture
5	Metaphors – the basis for learning events Use the 3 C model to help develop your metaphors Create Connect Combine
6	Special Purpose Simulators Defined Custom built tool by an experienced model builder Uses a data driven model of a specific system The user is allowed to modify model parameters in order to run tests and get his/her results
7	Simulation Language History Fortran – The mother of all mathematical modeling languages (1956) Algol – influenced C’s development (1960) GPSS – IBM’s General Purpose System Simulator (1961) Dynamo – used first for USAF logistics APL – A Programming Language – all mathematical symbols.
8	Simulation Language – Microsaint Developed for modeling human-based complex systems Used for analysis of resource utilization, maintenance procedures, military personnel performance Utilizes the Task Network Model to answer what if questions
9	MicroSaint Application- Human Factors Simulation is new to Human Factors/Ergonomic studies Used by industry and the military to find optimal work teams Helped design Army’s Comanche Helicopter
10	Simulation Design – High Level Architecture Former simulations used Monolithic design techniques to create one large model High Level Architecture (HLA) is used for newer distributed simulations comprised of sub-models
11	High Level Architecture – Traffic Flow Example
12	Simulation Application-Healthcare for the poor Partnership of Immunization Providers (PIP) used three steps to create simulation to improve clinic performance Create Workflow data acquisition tool Break data into functional relationships Create simulation model of ideal operation Input is made simple for the staff
13	Simulation Application-Healthcare for the poor 2 Five key areas are identified: Check-in, Waiting Room/pre exam Exam Check-out and Charting Post-checkout
14	Simulation Application – Satellite Terminal Control Simulation of a direct control of satellite ground terminal Runs on WIN NT-based laptop Employed with 3^rd party tools, packages and components Designed to simulate one control terminal
15	Simulation Application – Railroad TRAINSET is a real-time railroad simulator Designed with layout editor, state display, control programs Automatic Control Interface (ACI) establishes the connection
16	Simulation Application – Simulated Fire Virtual Environment allows safe recreation of scenarios. Building designs are evaluated from the viewpoint of fire safety 3-D designs allow for the ability to “walk-through” the building. Integrates NIST’s Consolidated Model of Fire and Smoke Transport (CFAST) with Berkeley Architectural Walkthrough (Walkthru).
17	Simulated Fire – CFAST Design Environment composed of: Rectilinear 3-D regions called volumes Interconnection portals called vents Differential equations are solved to create the flow and exchange of gases between the volumes
18	Simulated Fire – Walkthru Design Walkthru adds properties and objects not found in the basic CFAST simulation. These include: Wall Specifications such as thickness and material Furniture characteristics such as mass, materials, chemistry, and combustion details.
19	Simulation Application – Submarine Combat
20	Simulation Application – Multiprocessor Applications S³E²S – CAD environment for specification, simulation, and synthesis of embedded electronic systems Combines analog parts, digital hardware, and software. Mixes control dominated and data dominated behavior of electronic devices
21	Simulation Application – Power Generation Interest in power grid simulation high in light of potential black outs and terrorist threats STAR used for a variety of power generation simulation: Electrical Grid Electrical Generator Steam Turbine High Voltage Regulation
22	Simulation Application – Hospital Emergency Command System Four areas in which the system needs to provide control and mobilization: communications, personnel, equipment and mobility Five phases in a hospital emergency: detect, dispatch, deploy, deliver and disperse Simulation program has been prepared in a modular manner Results showed improvements in emergency response time when using the system
23	Simulation Application – Design of a Submarine Voyage Training Simulator The simulator consists of three parts: Operation Panel, Display Panel and Interface Cabinet System modeling – motion modeling and navigation devices modeling Complex software design – differential equations, database management, 3D animation, PID controller, real-time communication Results showed that simulator could describe the regulation of submarine movement and maneuvering correctly and completely
24	Simulation Application – Inflight Software Simulation of the Harpoon Missile Harpoon missile – anti-ship missile that can be launched from submarines, surface ships and aircrafts Built by McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Corporation HACLCS – Harpoon Aircraft Command and Launch System Two modes for launch – computer and line-of sight
25	Simulation Application – Inflight Software Simulation of the Harpoon Missile 2 Two launching modes – normal and abnormal Simulation function provides the operator with the capability to simulate selection and release of missiles Simulation capabilities include: initialization controlling and operating conditions, selection simulation, tableau update simulation, aim point update simulation, MGU update simulation, FTP update simulation, release simulation
26	Simulation – Transaction Cycle of Agents and Web-based Gaming Simulation for International Emissions Trading ASIA – agent-based Java framework (Artificial Society with Interacting Agents) Layered structure – application layer, social layer, agent layer, Java virtual machine Greenhouse gas emission trading simulation Web applications for gaming
27	Simulation – An Environment Simulator for the FDNY Computer Aided Dispatch System MICS System – Management and Information Control System Environmental simulator – an integral part of the MICS Six modes of operation: alarm receipt, decision dispatch, display/fallback, notification, status monitoring and management Results showed that the required performance of the MICS system was more than adequately met
28	Simulation – Simulation Study of a Hospital Automated Materials Handling System ACT – Automated Cart Transport system – to be implemented in the hospital There is a need for studying a number of issues: manpower requirements, number of needed transporters, interfacing with other personnel using the system, scheduling A simulation is the best way to analyze all these factors
29	Simulation – Simulation Study of a Hospital Automated Materials Handling System 2 Two modeling concepts Breaking down the system activities into identifiable event elements Use a dynamically changing list of future events WIDES – Wisconsin Discrete Event Simulator The system had four main components – the database, the scheduler, the simulation program and the output Conclusion – a feasible schedule of deliveries has NOT been achieved
30	Simulation – Modeling with the Microsaint Simulation Package Microsaint – a discrete-event simulation software package for building models that simulate real-life processes Model development Task timing information Conditions for execution Beginning/ending effects Task sequencing Used successfully in the manufacturing industry and in the health care industry
31	Simulation – Simulation Interoperability with the Microsaint Simulation Software and COM Services COM services developed as a new feature for Microsaint COM services allow communication between Microsaint and other software applications Examples of COM Services application Course of Action Training Tool (CATT) Combat Automation Requirements Testbed (CART)
32	Simulation – Perspectives on Simulation using GPSS GPSS – General Purpose Simulation System – a popular simulation modeling language Offers a rich set of semantics and yet it is sparse in syntax GPSS is a multi-vendor language Some versions provide built-in graphic and animation features Some languages have GPSS embedded
33	Simulation – Perspectives on Simulation using GPSS 2 Five misconceptions about GPSS GPSS is inherently slow To do anything sophisticated in GPSS, HELP blocks must be used to combine GPSS models with FORTRAN routines GPSS is trivial to learn Modeling difficulties arise more frequently due to language shortcomings than due to lack of modeler expertise GPSS is batch oriented
34	Simulation – Medical Education as a Model for Simulation Education Two models of simulation application – research model and practice model Parallel between medical education and simulation education Curriculum proposal Basic course work – mathematics, statistics, probability, stochastic models, optimization and simulation modeling Additional coursework – accounting, business management, marketing, logistics, Info Systems management, computing, communication and technical writing
35	Simulation – A Microcomputer Based Simulation Model for a Military Scheduling Application Study tries to determine the manpower requirements for an army orders processing operation Model development Arrivals Service Queue Results of the simulation model showed that overall processing time can effectively be reduced by designing the processing system on the basis of the queue size of the orders and the number of clerks
36	Simulation - An Introduction to the Simulation of a Multiple CPU Military Communications System Design effort to extend the capabilities of Army’s operational telecommunication system Resulting system – Pentagon Consolidated Telecommunications Center System (PCTCS) Extensible Computer System Simulation (ECSS II) language was used to simulate the new PCTCS system ECSS II was found to be a powerful tool for simulating military message processing systems
37	Simulation – Barriers to Implementing Simulation in Health Care Barrier #1 – A natural resistance to the unfamiliar Rule #1 – Get everybody’s fingerprints on the knife Barrier # 2 – The industrial “time and motion” study stigma Rule #2 – Educate others and avoid the industrial vernacular
38	Simulation – Barriers to Implementing Simulation in Health Care 2 Barrier # 3 – The poorly conducted simulation study Rule #3 – Don’t wind your toys too tight Barrier #4 – politics, personalities, over confidence, misunderstanding , ambition, poor data collection etc. Rule #4 – Don’t build barriers; build bridges
39	Simulation – A Tutorial on Simulation in Healthcare: Applications and Issues Computer simulation models conform both to system structure and to available system data Simulation supports experimentation with systems at relatively low cost and little risk Variation matters Simulation experiment results conform to unique system requirements for information
40	Simulation – A Tutorial on Simulation in Healthcare: Applications and Issues 2 Simulation application in healthcare can be classified into four categories Public policy Patient treatment process Capital expenditure requirements Provider operating policies
41	Simulation – Internet-based Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation Tools and HLA C++ not suited for developing simulations HLA – High Level Architecture Requirements imposed on simulation tools by HLA are considerable Requirements derived from the HLA programming paradigm Requirements derived from being part of a distributed simulation
42	Simulation – Internet-based Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation Tools and HLA 2 Four general solutions for integrating existing simulation tools into HLA Re-implementation of the tool with HLA extensions Extension of intermediate code Usage of an external programming interface Coupling via a gateway program
43	Simulation - Using Simulation to Reduce Length of Stay in Emergency Departments Object of the study – a medium to large hospital in the southeast Simulation software – MedModel 10 steps in the project Identify the process to be simulated Define the goals and objectives of the study Formulate and define model Collect data Build the model
44	Simulation - Using Simulation to Reduce Length of Stay in Emergency Departments 2 10 steps in the process (cont) Verify the model Validate the model Set up alternatives for evaluation Run multiple replications on each alterative and evaluate results Choose best alternative or combination of alternatives
45	Simulation – A Review of Web-based Simulation: Whither we Wander New software technologies Java is one of the most promising technologies for web based simulation Environments and languages for web based simulation Simjava DEVSJAVA JSIM JavaSim JavaGPSS Silk WSE
46	Simulation – A Review of Web-based Simulation: Whither we Wander 2 Areas of application: Manufacturing Education and training Military applications Scientific applications Other applications
47	Training Application- Healthcare Treatment Police are trained to recognize gestures and verbal cues regarding mental illness Verbal interaction methods are taught The following are simulated: Schizophrenia Paranoia Depression
48	Healthcare Treatment – Mental Illness Simulator
49	Training Application – Multi-ship Air Combat Simulation used as inexpensive way to keep skills sharp Live flight limited due to security, flight safety, resources, range of flight Pilots train in a F-15 cockpit in a 40 foot dome with target projection SIMNET implements multi-user design utilizing pilots, weapons controllers, and enemies.
50	Training Application – Multi-ship Air Combat 2 Simulation considered better for training: Multi-bogey, four or more Reaction to surface to air missiles Employment of electronic countermeasures/counter-counter measures Escort tactics All weather tactics Low altitude tactics
51	Training Application – Multi-ship Air Combat 3 Simulator considered worse for: Visual outlook Tactical formation Visual identification Mutual support
52	Training Application – Virtual Patients Virtual human patient developed to train for cardiac emergencies. Uses Artificial Intelligence to simulate medical conditions Adds 3-D environment to visualize a patient in an emergency room. Used to train medical students for cardiac emergencies
53	Virtual Patients – System Design Patient’s appearance varies based on clinical condition Emergency room is filled with virtual nurses to execute requests for diagnosis and treatment Complementary examination is carried out to aid diagnosis.
54	Virtual Patients – Emotional Design Views are provided at user determined angles Animation shows the patient’s current state Commands carried out by menus or voice commands Environment becomes busier as situations become more critical
55	Training Application – Tactical Network Management Communication Network Simulation system (CNS) used for tactical training. Operators train in: System Configuration Message Response Emergency Situations
56	Tactical Network Management - Functions
57	Training – Measuring the Effectiveness of Simulation-Based Training Instructional Systems Design (ISD) Analysis of training needs Design of training curriculum Evaluation Development of training curriculum Implementation (delivery) Formulation of an elementary simulation-based training effectiveness measure
58	Training – Firefighter Command Training Virtual Environment System consists of three main components Virtual Environment Graphical Command Interface NIST Fire Dynamic Simulator Firefighter control Pathfinding Models and animation Realistic fire and smoke Fire simulation Volume compression Fire and smoke visualization Interactive fire and smoke
59	Training – Developing and implementing a Comprehensive Training and Incentive Program for Student Employees in IT Employee skills Demographics of student employees Who to look for in interviews Orientation trainings Tools to aid and supplement training Ongoing or long-term training Tracking student progress Making students want to improve
60	Conclusions – Strategic directions in Distributed Simulation Systems operations and management Real-time decision making Combat consultant Aircraft navigation Crowd management Persistent virtual worlds Virtual verisimilitude
61	Conclusions –Research Challenges in Distributed Simulation Human behavior modeling Simulation domain architectures Abundant network bandwidth Practical event management techniques
62	References Aldrich, Clark, “Something about simulations”, elearningforum.com, July, 2001 Alexopoulos, Chritos, et al, “A discrete simulation application for clinics serving the poor”, Proceedings of the 2001 Winter Simulation Conference. Araten, Michel, “Perspectives of the founding Fathers”, Proceedings of the 1992 Winter Simulation Conference.
63	References Barnes, Catherine Drury and K Ronald Laughery, Jr.”Advanced uses for MicroSaint Simulation Software”. Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference, 271-274 Bell, Herbert H and Peter M Crane, “Training Utility of Multiship Air Combat Simulation”, Proceedings of the 1992 Winter Simulation Conference. Brooke, Thomas C, “Development of a Distributed, Cross-Platform Simulator”, SigADA’02, December 8-12, 2002, p 12-21
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65	References Carlino, Dominick. “Combat System Decision Aids Simulation”. Proceedings of the 15^th annual simulation symposium, March 1982, 189-196 Carro, Luigi, Marcio Kreutz, Flavio Wagner, Marcio Oyamada, “System Synthesis for Multiprocess Embedded Applications”. “Proceedings of the conference on Design, Automation and testing in Europe”, January 2000, 697-702.
66	References Cavazza, Marc and Altion Simo. “A Virtual Patient based on Qualitative Simulation”, Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Intelligent ser interfaces, January 2003, 19-25 Corsi, S, M Pozzi, G Tagliabue. “A new Real-time Digital Simulator of the Turbine Alternator Grid System (Star) for Control Apparatus Closed Loop Tests”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol 13, No 3, Sept 1998, 282- 291.
67	References Coughlan, Kiran L. and Paul J Nolan. “Developing Special Purpose Simulators Under Microsoft Windows”. Proceedings of the 1995 Winter Simulation Conference, 969-976 Deasy, Joseph O., M. Victor Wickerhauser, Mathieu Picard.”Accelerating Monte Carlo simulations of radiation therapy dose distributions using wavelet threshold de-noising”, Med Physics, 29(10), Oct 2002, 2366-2373
68	References Drury, Catherine and K Ronald Laughery, Jr.”Advanced uses for MicroSaint Simulation Software”. Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference, 510-516
69	References Duncombe, Christopher B.”Network Management Training for Tactical Systems”. IEEE MILCOM ’97, VOL 3, No 3, 1519-1523 Eikenberry, Kevin.”Creating Metaphors and Analogies to use in training and Other Learning Events”,www.disian,com/resources/reports/report005.asp, 1999.
70	References Hideyuki, Mizuta, Yoshiki, Yamagata. “Transaction Cycle of Agents and Web-based Gaming simulation for International emissions Trading”, Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation conference Hubal, Robert C., Geoffrey A. Frank, Curry I. Guinn. “Lessons Learned in Modeling Schizophrenic and Depressed Responsive Virtual Humans for Training”, Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, January 2003, 85-92.
71	References Klein, Ulrich, Thomas Schulze, Steffan Strassburger, “Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference”, 1095-1103. Kuljis, Jasna, Paul, Ray. “A Review of Web-based Simulation: Whither we Wander”, Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference Levine, Stephen. “Simulation of a Hospital emergency Command System”, Proceedings of the third conference on Applications of simulation, December 1969
72	References Leonard, James, Soderberg, John. “Inflight SoftwareSimulation of the Harpoon Missile”, The Proceedings of the 16th annual simulation symposium on Simulation, 1983 Lowery, Julie, Hakes, Brian, Keller, Lou, Lilegdon, William, Mabrouk, Kal. “Barriers to Implementing Simulation in Health Care “, Proceedings of the 1994 Winter Simulation Conference
73	References Lin, Zhao, Feng, Sung, Ying, Liu. “The design of a Submarine Voyage Training Simulator” McGinnis, Michael, Stone, George. “Measuring the Effectiveness of Simulation-Based Training”, Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation conference McGuire, Frank. “Using Simulation to Reduce Length of Stay in Emergency Departments”, Proceedings of the 1994 Winter Simulation conference Mohan, John, Geller, Michael. “An environmental simulation for the FDNY Computer Aided Dispatch System”, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software engineering, 1976
74	References Osborn, Jim. “Developing and implementing a Comprehensive Training and Incentive Program for Student Employees in IT”, SIGUCCS 2000, October 29 – November 1 Page, Ernest, Nicol, David, Balci, Osman, Fujimoto, Richard, Fishwick, Paul, L’Ecuyer, Pierre, Smith, Roger. “Panel: Strategic Directions in Simulation Research”, Proceedings of the 1999 Winter Simulation Conference Ross, Barry, Cheung, Francis. “Simulation Study of a Hospital Automated Materials Handling system”, Proceedings of the eleventh annual simulation symposium, 1978
75	References Schunk, Daniel “Modeling with the Micro Saint Simulation Package”, Proceedings of the 2000 Winter simulation Conference Schunk, Daniel, Bloechle, Wendy. “Simulation Interoperability with the Micro Saint Simulation Software and COM Services”, Proceedings of the 2001 Winter Simulation Conference Schriber, Thomas. “Perspectives on Simulation using GPSS”, Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference Seila, Andrew. “Medical Education as a Model for Simulation Education”, Proceedings of the 2000 winter Simulation conference
76	References Shimshak, Daniel, Saluti, Dean. “A Microcomputer Based Simulation for a Military Scheduling Application”, Proceedings of the 15th conference on Winter Simulation - Volume 2, December 1983 Shubik, Martin. GAMES FOR SOCIETY, BUSINESS, and WAR, Elserver Publishing, New York, 1975. Sprung, James, Beatty, Paul, Camery, John, Norrell, John. “An Introduction to the Simulation of a Multiple CPU Military Communications System”, Proceedings of the fourth symposium on Simulation of computer systems, August 1976
77	References Strassburger, Steffen, Schultze, Thomas, Klein, Ulrich, Henriksen, James. “Internet-based Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation Tools and HLA”, Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference Standridge, Charles “ A Tutorial on Simulation in Healthcare: Applications and Issues”, Proceedings of the 1999 winter Simulation conference St.Julien, Tazama, Shaw, Chris. “Firefighter Command Training Virtual Environment”, TAPLA 2003, October 15-18