1
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2
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- Teaching - principles, methods, skills, supplementary material
- Training – allow dress rehearsals with easy reset
- Operations – explore, test, and plan operational parameters
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3
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- Research – hypothesis testing
- Therapy – behavioral testing, evaluation, and drug treatment
- Entertainment – have fun and relax
(sounds good! )
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4
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- According to Gartner Group’s Clark Aldrich (2001):
- Use Authentic Scenarios
- Force quick decisions
- Provide lots of options
- Repetition and choices help it sink in
- Customize to the culture
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5
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- Use the 3 C model to help develop your metaphors
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6
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- Custom built tool by an experienced model builder
- Uses a data driven model of a specific system
- The user is allowed to modify model parameters in order to run tests and
get his/her results
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7
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- Fortran – The mother of all mathematical modeling languages (1956)
- Algol – influenced C’s development (1960)
- GPSS – IBM’s General Purpose System Simulator (1961)
- Dynamo – used first for USAF logistics
- APL – A Programming Language – all mathematical symbols.
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8
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- Developed for modeling human-based complex systems
- Used for analysis of resource
utilization, maintenance procedures, military personnel performance
- Utilizes the Task Network Model to answer what if questions
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9
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- Simulation is new to Human Factors/Ergonomic studies
- Used by industry and the military to find optimal work teams
- Helped design Army’s Comanche Helicopter
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10
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- Former simulations used Monolithic design techniques to create one large
model
- High Level Architecture (HLA) is used for newer distributed simulations
comprised of sub-models
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11
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12
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- Partnership of Immunization Providers (PIP) used three steps to create simulation
to improve clinic performance
- Create Workflow data acquisition tool
- Break data into functional relationships
- Create simulation model of ideal operation
- Input is made simple for the staff
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13
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- Five key areas are identified:
- Check-in,
- Waiting Room/pre exam
- Exam
- Check-out and Charting
- Post-checkout
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14
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- Simulation of a direct control of satellite ground terminal
- Runs on WIN NT-based laptop
- Employed with 3rd party tools, packages and components
- Designed to simulate one control terminal
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15
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- TRAINSET is a real-time railroad simulator
- Designed with layout editor, state display, control programs
- Automatic Control Interface (ACI) establishes the connection
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16
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- Virtual Environment allows safe recreation of scenarios.
- Building designs are evaluated from the viewpoint of fire safety
- 3-D designs allow for the ability to “walk-through” the building.
- Integrates NIST’s Consolidated Model of Fire and Smoke Transport (CFAST)
with Berkeley Architectural Walkthrough (Walkthru).
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17
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- Environment composed of:
- Rectilinear 3-D regions called volumes
- Interconnection portals called vents
- Differential equations are solved to create the flow and exchange of
gases between the volumes
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18
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- Walkthru adds properties and objects not found in the basic CFAST
simulation. These include:
- Wall Specifications such as thickness and material
- Furniture characteristics such as mass, materials, chemistry, and
combustion details.
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19
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20
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- S3E2S – CAD environment for specification,
simulation, and synthesis of embedded electronic systems
- Combines analog parts, digital hardware, and software.
- Mixes control dominated and data dominated behavior of electronic
devices
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21
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- Interest in power grid simulation high in light of potential black outs
and terrorist threats
- STAR used for a variety of power generation simulation:
- Electrical Grid
- Electrical Generator
- Steam Turbine
- High Voltage Regulation
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22
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- Four areas in which the system needs to provide control and
mobilization: communications, personnel, equipment and mobility
- Five phases in a hospital emergency: detect, dispatch, deploy, deliver
and disperse
- Simulation program has been prepared in a modular manner
- Results showed improvements in emergency response time when using the
system
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23
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- The simulator consists of three parts: Operation Panel, Display Panel
and Interface Cabinet
- System modeling – motion modeling and navigation devices modeling
- Complex software design – differential equations, database management,
3D animation, PID controller, real-time communication
- Results showed that simulator could describe the regulation of submarine
movement and maneuvering correctly and completely
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24
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- Harpoon missile – anti-ship missile that can be launched from
submarines, surface ships and aircrafts
- Built by McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Corporation
- HACLCS – Harpoon Aircraft Command and Launch System
- Two modes for launch – computer and line-of sight
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25
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- Two launching modes – normal and abnormal
- Simulation function provides the operator with the capability to
simulate selection and release of missiles
- Simulation capabilities include: initialization controlling and
operating conditions, selection simulation, tableau update simulation,
aim point update simulation, MGU update simulation, FTP update
simulation, release simulation
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26
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- ASIA – agent-based Java framework (Artificial Society with Interacting
Agents)
- Layered structure – application layer, social layer, agent layer, Java
virtual machine
- Greenhouse gas emission trading simulation
- Web applications for gaming
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27
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- MICS System – Management and Information Control System
- Environmental simulator – an integral part of the MICS
- Six modes of operation: alarm receipt, decision dispatch,
display/fallback, notification, status monitoring and management
- Results showed that the required performance of the MICS system was more
than adequately met
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28
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- ACT – Automated Cart Transport system – to be implemented in the
hospital
- There is a need for studying a number of issues: manpower requirements,
number of needed transporters, interfacing with other personnel using
the system, scheduling
- A simulation is the best way to analyze all these factors
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29
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- Two modeling concepts
- Breaking down the system activities into identifiable event elements
- Use a dynamically changing list of future events
- WIDES – Wisconsin Discrete Event Simulator
- The system had four main components – the database, the scheduler, the
simulation program and the output
- Conclusion – a feasible schedule of deliveries has NOT been achieved
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30
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- Microsaint – a discrete-event simulation software package for building
models that simulate real-life processes
- Model development
- Task timing information
- Conditions for execution
- Beginning/ending effects
- Task sequencing
- Used successfully in the manufacturing industry and in the health care
industry
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31
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- COM services developed as a new feature for Microsaint
- COM services allow communication between Microsaint and other software
applications
- Examples of COM Services application
- Course of Action Training Tool (CATT)
- Combat Automation Requirements Testbed (CART)
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32
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- GPSS – General Purpose Simulation System – a popular simulation modeling
language
- Offers a rich set of semantics and yet it is sparse in syntax
- GPSS is a multi-vendor language
- Some versions provide built-in graphic and animation features
- Some languages have GPSS embedded
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33
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- Five misconceptions about GPSS
- GPSS is inherently slow
- To do anything sophisticated in GPSS, HELP blocks must be used to
combine GPSS models with FORTRAN routines
- GPSS is trivial to learn
- Modeling difficulties arise more frequently due to language
shortcomings than due to lack of modeler expertise
- GPSS is batch oriented
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34
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- Two models of simulation application – research model and practice model
- Parallel between medical education and simulation education
- Curriculum proposal
- Basic course work – mathematics, statistics, probability, stochastic
models, optimization and simulation modeling
- Additional coursework – accounting, business management, marketing,
logistics, Info Systems management, computing, communication and
technical writing
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35
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- Study tries to determine the manpower requirements for an army orders
processing operation
- Model development
- Results of the simulation model showed that overall processing time can
effectively be reduced by designing the processing system on the basis
of the queue size of the orders and the number of clerks
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36
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- Design effort to extend the capabilities of Army’s operational
telecommunication system
- Resulting system – Pentagon Consolidated Telecommunications Center
System (PCTCS)
- Extensible Computer System Simulation (ECSS II) language was used to
simulate the new PCTCS system
- ECSS II was found to be a powerful tool for simulating military message
processing systems
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37
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- Barrier #1 – A natural resistance to the unfamiliar
- Rule #1 – Get everybody’s fingerprints on the knife
- Barrier # 2 – The industrial “time and motion” study stigma
- Rule #2 – Educate others and avoid the industrial vernacular
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38
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- Barrier # 3 – The poorly conducted simulation study
- Rule #3 – Don’t wind your toys too tight
- Barrier #4 – politics, personalities, over confidence, misunderstanding
, ambition, poor data collection etc.
- Rule #4 – Don’t build barriers; build bridges
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39
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- Computer simulation models conform both to system structure and to
available system data
- Simulation supports experimentation with systems at relatively low cost
and little risk
- Variation matters
- Simulation experiment results conform to unique system requirements for
information
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40
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- Simulation application in healthcare can be classified into four
categories
- Public policy
- Patient treatment process
- Capital expenditure requirements
- Provider operating policies
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41
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- C++ not suited for developing simulations
- HLA – High Level Architecture
- Requirements imposed on simulation tools by HLA are considerable
- Requirements derived from the HLA programming paradigm
- Requirements derived from being part of a distributed simulation
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42
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- Four general solutions for integrating existing simulation tools into
HLA
- Re-implementation of the tool with HLA extensions
- Extension of intermediate code
- Usage of an external programming interface
- Coupling via a gateway program
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43
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- Object of the study – a medium to large hospital in the southeast
- Simulation software – MedModel
- 10 steps in the project
- Identify the process to be simulated
- Define the goals and objectives of the study
- Formulate and define model
- Collect data
- Build the model
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44
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- 10 steps in the process (cont)
- Verify the model
- Validate the model
- Set up alternatives for evaluation
- Run multiple replications on each alterative and evaluate results
- Choose best alternative or combination of alternatives
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45
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- New software technologies
- Java is one of the most promising technologies for web based simulation
- Environments and languages for web based simulation
- Simjava
- DEVSJAVA
- JSIM
- JavaSim
- JavaGPSS
- Silk
- WSE
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46
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- Areas of application:
- Manufacturing
- Education and training
- Military applications
- Scientific applications
- Other applications
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47
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- Police are trained to recognize gestures and verbal cues regarding
mental illness
- Verbal interaction methods are taught
- The following are simulated:
- Schizophrenia
- Paranoia
- Depression
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48
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49
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- Simulation used as inexpensive way to keep skills sharp
- Live flight limited due to security, flight safety, resources, range of
flight
- Pilots train in a F-15 cockpit in a 40 foot dome with target projection
- SIMNET implements multi-user design utilizing pilots, weapons
controllers, and enemies.
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50
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- Simulation considered better for training:
- Multi-bogey, four or more
- Reaction to surface to air missiles
- Employment of electronic countermeasures/counter-counter measures
- Escort tactics
- All weather tactics
- Low altitude tactics
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51
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- Simulator considered worse for:
- Visual outlook
- Tactical formation
- Visual identification
- Mutual support
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52
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- Virtual human patient developed to train for cardiac emergencies.
- Uses Artificial Intelligence to simulate medical conditions
- Adds 3-D environment to visualize a patient in an emergency room.
- Used to train medical students for cardiac emergencies
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53
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- Patient’s appearance varies based on clinical condition
- Emergency room is filled with virtual nurses to execute requests for
diagnosis and treatment
- Complementary examination is
carried out to aid
diagnosis.
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54
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- Views are provided at user determined angles
- Animation shows the patient’s current state
- Commands carried out by menus or voice commands
- Environment becomes busier as situations become more critical
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55
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- Communication Network Simulation system (CNS) used for tactical
training.
- Operators train in:
- System Configuration
- Message Response
- Emergency Situations
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56
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57
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- Instructional Systems Design (ISD)
- Analysis of training needs
- Design of training curriculum
- Evaluation
- Development of training curriculum
- Implementation (delivery)
- Formulation of an elementary simulation-based training effectiveness
measure
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58
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- System consists of three main components
- Virtual Environment
- Graphical Command Interface
- NIST Fire Dynamic Simulator
- Firefighter control
- Pathfinding
- Models and animation
- Realistic fire and smoke
- Fire simulation
- Volume compression
- Fire and smoke visualization
- Interactive fire and smoke
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59
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- Employee skills
- Demographics of student employees
- Who to look for in interviews
- Orientation trainings
- Tools to aid and supplement training
- Ongoing or long-term training
- Tracking student progress
- Making students want to improve
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60
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- Systems operations and management
- Real-time decision making
- Combat consultant
- Aircraft navigation
- Crowd management
- Persistent virtual worlds
- Virtual verisimilitude
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61
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- Human behavior modeling
- Simulation domain architectures
- Abundant network bandwidth
- Practical event management techniques
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62
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- Aldrich, Clark, “Something about simulations”, elearningforum.com, July,
2001
- Alexopoulos, Chritos, et al, “A discrete simulation application for
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- Araten, Michel, “Perspectives of the founding Fathers”, Proceedings of
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- Barnes, Catherine Drury and K Ronald Laughery, Jr.”Advanced uses for
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- Bell, Herbert H and Peter M Crane, “Training Utility of Multiship Air
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- Brooke, Thomas C, “Development of a Distributed, Cross-Platform
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- Bulowski, Richard, “The Firewalk Project”,
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- Carlino, Dominick. “Combat System Decision Aids Simulation”. Proceedings
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- Carro, Luigi, Marcio Kreutz, Flavio Wagner, Marcio Oyamada, “System
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